Identifying mechanisms able to sustain costly cooperation among self-interested agents is a central problem across social and biological sciences.One possible solution is peer punishment: when agents have an opportunity to sanction defectors, classical behavioral experiments suggest that cooperation can take root.Overlooked from standard experiment
There is no recipe for setting up a new institute, especially if it is meant to be different from anything that currently exists.Here, we give a look behind the scenes at how we dreamt up map the transdisciplinary South American Institute for Resilience and Sustainability Science (SARAS), located in Uruguay, and how, with help from a network of ren
During the course of their ontogenesis, plants are continuously exposed to a large variety of abiotic stress factors which can damage tissues and jeopardize the survival of the organism unless properly countered.While animals can simply escape and thus evade stressors, plants as sessile organisms have developed complex strategies to withstand them.
Cirrodrilus makinoi (Yamaguchi, 1934) has not been identified since it was originally described from the Japanese crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan, 1841) on Hokkaido Island, Gaffer Tape northern Japan.A critical morphological comparison of the original and new material of C.makinoi with those of closely related C.tsugarensis Gelder and Ohta